This article is about Microsoft DOS specifically. For other compatible operating systems of the DOS family, see. MS-DOSMS-DOS (; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a discontinued for -based mostly developed. Collectively, MS-DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS, are sometimes referred to as 'DOS' (which is also the generic acronym for ). MS-DOS was the main operating system for personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a (GUI), in various generations of the graphical operating system.MS-DOS resulted from a request in 1981 by IBM for an operating system to use in its range of personal computers. Microsoft quickly bought the rights to from, and began work on modifying it to meet IBM's specification.

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IBM licensed and released it on August 12, 1981 as 1.0 for use in their PCs. Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM, the two products diverged after twelve years, in 1993, with recognizable differences in compatibility, syntax, and capabilities.During its lifetime, were released for the x86 platform, and MS-DOS went through eight versions, until development ceased in 2000. Initially MS-DOS was targeted at processors running on computer hardware using to store and access not only the operating system, but application software and user data as well. Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats, along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures. Ultimately it was the key product in Microsoft's growth from a company to a diverse software development firm, providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources. It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI.

It is a flexible operating system, and consumes negligible installation space. Further information: andMS-DOS was a renamed form of – owned by, written.

Development of 86-DOS took only six weeks, as it was basically a clone of 's (for 8080/Z80 processors), ported to run on processors and with two notable differences compared to CP/M; an improved disk sector buffering logic and the introduction of instead of the CP/M filesystem. This first version was shipped in August 1980.

Microsoft, which needed an operating system for the hired Tim Paterson in May 1981 and bought 86-DOS 1.10 for $75,000 in July of the same year. Microsoft kept the version number, but renamed it MS-DOS.

They also licensed MS-DOS 1.10/1.14 to IBM, who, in August 1981, offered it as 1.0 as one of three operating systems for the, or the.Within a year Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies. It was designed to be an OS that could run on any 8086-family computer. Each computer would have its own distinct hardware and its own version of MS-DOS, similar to the situation that existed for, and with MS-DOS emulating the as CP/M to adapt for different hardware platforms.

To this end, MS-DOS was designed with a modular structure with internal device drivers, minimally for primary disk drives and the console, integrated with the kernel and loaded by the boot loader, and installable device drivers for other devices loaded and integrated at boot time. The would use a development kit provided by Microsoft to build a version of MS-DOS with their basic I/O drivers and a standard Microsoft kernel, which they would typically supply on disk to end users along with the hardware. Thus, there were many different versions of 'MS-DOS' for different hardware, and there is a major distinction between an IBM-compatible (or ISA) machine and an MS-DOS compatible machine. Some machines, like the, were MS-DOS compatible but not IBM-compatible, so they could run software written exclusively for MS-DOS without dependence on the peripheral hardware of the IBM PC architecture.This design would have worked well for compatibility, if application programs had only used MS-DOS services to perform device I/O, and indeed the same design philosophy is embodied in Windows NT (see ). However, in MS-DOS's early days, the greater speed attainable by programs through direct control of hardware was of particular importance, especially for games, which often pushed the limits of their contemporary hardware.

Very soon an IBM-compatible architecture became the goal, and before long all 8086-family computers, and only a single version of MS-DOS for a fixed hardware platform was needed for the market. This version is the version of MS-DOS that is discussed here, as the dozens of other OEM versions of 'MS-DOS' were only relevant to the systems they were designed for, and in any case were very similar in function and capability to some standard version for the IBM PC—often the same-numbered version, but not always, since some OEMs used their own proprietary version numbering schemes (e.g. Labeling later releases of MS-DOS 1.x as 2.0 or vice versa)—with a few notable exceptions.Microsoft omitted support from MS-DOS because Microsoft's -based operating system, was fully multi-user. The company planned to over time improve MS-DOS so it would be almost indistinguishable from single-user Xenix, or XEDOS, which would also run on the, and the; they would be with Xenix, which in 1983 described as 'the multi-user MS-DOS of the future'. Microsoft advertised MS-DOS and Xenix together, listing the shared features of its 'single-user OS' and 'the multi-user, -derived operating system', and promising easy porting between them. After the, however, started selling.

Believing that it could not compete with AT&T in the Unix market, Microsoft abandoned Xenix, and in 1987 transferred ownership of Xenix to the (SCO).On 25 March 2014, Microsoft made the code to and a mixture of and available to the public under the, which makes the code, but not as defined by or standards.As an joke in 2015, launched a application called MS-DOS Mobile which was presented as a new mobile operating system and worked similar to MS-DOS.(or Anchors): too many anchors, maximum is 10. (or Anchors): too many anchors, maximum is 10. (or Anchors): too many anchors, maximum is 10. (or Anchors): too many anchors, maximum is 10. Versions Main article:Microsoft licensed or released versions of MS-DOS under different names like 'Software Bus 86' aka, or before it eventually enforced the MS-DOS name for all versions but the IBM one, which was originally called 'IBM Personal Computer DOS', later shortened to.

MS-DOS (pronounced,; short for Micro soft Disk Operating System) is an for based, which was purchased. It was the most commonly used member of the family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for personal computers during the 1980s and 1990s. It was preceded by (also called MIDAS), designed and copyrighted by Microsoft in 1979. MSDOS was written for the family of microprocessors, particularly the. It was gradually replaced on consumer desktop computers by operating systems offering a (GUI), in particular by various generations of the operating system.

MS-DOS developed out of ( Quick and Dirty Operating System), also known as. MS-DOS development originally started in 1981, and was first released in 1982 as MS-DOS 1.0. Were released under different names for different hardware. MS-DOS had eight major versions released before Microsoft stopped development in 2000. It was the key product in Microsoft's growth from a company to a diverse software development firm, providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources. It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI. Originally MS-DOS was designed to be an operating system that could run on any 8086-family computer.

Each computer would have its own distinct hardware and its own version of MS-DOS, similar to the situation that existed for, and with MS-DOS emulating the as CP/M to adapt for different hardware platforms. So there were many different versions of 'MS-DOS' for different hardware.

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But the greater speed attainable by direct control of hardware was of particular importance, especially when running computer games. So very soon an IBM-compatible architecture became the goal, and before long all 8086-family computers, and a only single version of MS-DOS for a fixed hardware platform was all that was needed for the market. This version is the version of MS-DOS that is discussed here, as all other versions of MS-DOS died out with their system, there were dozens of such 'MS-DOS' versions. While MS-DOS appeared on, true IBM computers used, a rebranded form of MS-DOS. Ironically, the dependence on IBM-compatible hardware caused major problems for the computer industry when the original design had to be changed. For example, the original design could support no more than 640 kilobytes of memory.

Manufacturers had to develop complicated schemes to access additional memory. This would not have been a limitation if the original idea of interfacing with hardware through MS-DOS had endured. On microcomputers based on the Intel and processors, including the IBM PC and clones, the initial competition to the PC DOS/MS-DOS line came from, whose operating system had inspired MS-DOS. Digital Research released a few months after MS-DOS, and it was offered as an alternative to MS-DOS and Microsoft's licensing requirements, but at a higher price. For CP/M-86 and MS-DOS were not interchangeable with each other; much was sold in both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 versions until MS-DOS became preponderant (later Digital Research operating systems could run both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software). MS-DOS supported the simple and the more advanced relocatable executable file formats; CP/M-86 a relocatable format using the.

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In the emerging world of home users, a variety of other computers based on various other processors were in serious competition with the IBM PC: the, early, the and others did not use the 808x processor; many 808x machines of different architectures used custom versions of MS-DOS. At first all these machines were in competition. In time the IBM PC hardware configuration became dominant in the 808x market as software written to communicate directly with the PC hardware without using standard operating system calls ran much faster, but on true PC-compatibles only. Non-PC-compatible 808x machines were too small a market to have fast software written for them alone, and the market remained open only for IBM PCs and machines that closely imitated their architecture, all running either a single version of MS-DOS compatible only with PCs, or the equivalent IBM PC DOS. Most clones cost much less than IBM-branded machines of similar performance, and became widely used by home users, while IBM PCs had a large share of the business computer market. Microsoft and IBM together began what was intended as the follow-on to MS/PC DOS, called. When OS/2 was released in 1987, Microsoft began an advertising campaign announcing that 'DOS is Dead' and stating that version 4 was the last full release.

OS/2 was designed for efficient multitasking—an IBM speciality derived from deep experience with mainframe operating systems—and offered a number of advanced features that had been designed together with similar; it was seen as the legitimate heir to the 'kludgy' DOS platform. While OS/2 was under protracted development, Digital Research released the MS-DOS compatible 5, which included features only available as third-party add-ons for MS-DOS (and still maintained considerable internal CP/M-86 compatibility). Unwilling to lose any portion of the market, Microsoft responded by announcing the 'pending' release of MS-DOS 5.0 in May 1990.

This effectively killed most DR-DOS sales until the actual release of MS-DOS 5.0 in June 1991. Digital Research brought out DR-DOS 6, which sold well until the 'pre-announcement' of MS-DOS 6.0 again stifled the sales of DR-DOS. Microsoft had been accused of carefully orchestrating leaks about future versions of MS-DOS in an attempt to create what in the industry is called FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt) regarding DR-DOS. For example, in October 1990, shortly after the release of DR-DOS 5.0, and long before the eventual June 1991 release of MS-DOS 5.0, stories on feature enhancements in MS-DOS started to appear in InfoWorld and PC Week. Brad Silverberg, Vice President of Systems Software at Microsoft and General Manager of its Windows and MS-DOS Business Unit, wrote a forceful letter to PC Week (November 5, 1990), denying that Microsoft was engaged in FUD tactics ('to serve our customers better, we decided to be more forthcoming about version 5.0') and denying that Microsoft copied features from DR-DOS.

'The feature enhancements of MS-DOS version 5.0 were decided and development was begun long before we heard about DR-DOS 5.0. There will be some similar features. With 50 million MS-DOS users, it shouldn't be surprising that DRI has heard some of the same requests from customers that we have.'

– (Schulman et al. 1994).The pact between Microsoft and IBM to promote OS/2 began to fall apart in 1990 when became a marketplace success. Much of Microsoft's further contributions to OS/2 also went in to creating a third replacement for DOS,. Prior to 1995, Microsoft licensed MS-DOS (and Windows) to computer manufacturers under three types of agreement: per-processor (a fee for each system the company sold), per-system (a fee for each system of a particular model), or per-copy (a fee for each copy of MS-DOS installed). The largest manufacturers used the per-processor arrangement, which had the lowest fee. This arrangement made it expensive for the large manufacturers to migrate to any other operating system, such as DR-DOS. In 1991 the U.S.

Government began investigating Microsoft's licensing procedures, resulting in a 1994 settlement agreement limiting Microsoft to per-copy licensing. Digital Research did not gain by this settlement, and years later its successor in interest, sued Microsoft for damages. This lawsuit was settled with a monetary payment of $150 million.

Microsoft's QuickPascal released in early 1989 was the first MS product that checked for MS-DOS by modifying the program's using undocumented DOS functions, and then checked whether or not the associated value changed in a fixed position within the DOS data segment (also undocumented). This check also made it into later MS products, including Microsoft QuickC v2.5, Programmer's Workbench and Microsoft C v6.0. The (once infamous), a block of code in the Windows 3.1 beta installer. It was XOR encrypted, self-modifying, and deliberately obfuscated, using various undocumented DOS structures and functions to determine whether or not Windows really was running on MS-DOS. Note that the Windows 3.0 beta code only gave a warning that Windows would not operate properly on a 'foreign' OS. It did in fact run just fine on DRDOS 6.0.

Interrupt routines called by Windows to inform MS-DOS that Windows is starting/exiting, information that MS-DOS retained in an INWINDOWS flag, in spite of the fact that MS-DOS and Windows were supposed to be two separate products. The true 32-bit versions of Windows, from Windows NT, are not based on DOS but provide a command-line interface similar to MS-DOS's character-mode interface known as the console. This is provided by a native executable, cmd.exe. Many Windows console applications are incorrectly referred to as DOS applications. However, in reality they are Windows applications, using Windows system calls, using the text console for input and output rather than a graphical interface. Both true MS-DOS programs and Windows console programs can be run from the command line in the same console window.

Several similar products were produced by other companies. In the case of PC DOS and, it is common but incorrect to call these 'clones'. Given that Microsoft manufactured PC DOS for IBM, PC DOS and MS-DOS were (to continue the genetic analogy) 'identical twins' that diverged only in adulthood and eventually became quite different products.

Although DR-DOS is regarded as a clone of MS-DOS, the DR-DOS versions appeared months and years before Microsoft's products. (For example, MS-DOS 4, released in July 1988, was followed by DR-DOS 5 in May 1990.

MS-DOS 5 came in April 1991, with DR-DOS 6 being released the following June. MS-DOS 6 did not arrive until April 1993, with Novell DOS 7, DR-DOS' successor, following the next month.

) What made the difference in the end was Microsoft's desire to make DOS a better platform for running Windows. Both IBM (DOS 5.02) and DRI (DOS 6 update) had to release interim releases for new undocumented Windows functionality.